明遗民的身份认同与科第选择

Ming Loyalists' Identity Recognition and the Selection of Imperial Examination

科第背景造就了部分明末士人的遗民身份选择,遗民身份包含政治属性、社会成分两种要素,基于政治立场的科第拒斥成为明遗民身份认同的重要一环;这一选择为明遗民群体既带来了呈现并深化士人"以道自任"价值意义的机会,同时也造成了现实实践途径的缺失。随着时间流逝,政治身份认同的淡漠,科第作为强力国家制度,士人谋生及价值实现桥梁,愈发具有吸引力,最终吞噬了明遗民群体的存在。

The background of imperial examination brings up parts of scholars in last stage of Ming dynasty to select as adherents, whose identity includes two key elements： political attribute and social composition. The rejection of imperial examination based on political stand has become an important link of self-identification about Ming loyalists. The selection of this group not only has provided opportunity to show and to deepen the moral responsibility and the value of scholars, but also has lost the chance to put the theory into practice. On the one hand, with the passage of time, the young adherents lack of political identity to Ming dynasty more and more, on the other hand, imperial examination both as a strong state system, and as the traditional way of scholars to make living and to realize value has more attraction, eventually engulfed the living space of Ming loyalists.