论资本的二重属性

On Capital's Duality

本文认为，在中国今天必须对资本进行重新认识。资本是中国今天的一种客观存在。人们过去羞羞答答的回避这个词，现在看来，必须理直气壮地运用资本的概念。资本具有二重属性，一是它的自然属性，一是它的社会属性。资本的存在是由其自然属性决定的。资本的社会属性，也是由其自然属性决定的。资本的自然属性则是资本一定要实现价值增值的问题，而资本的社会属性是资本归谁所有的问题。我们过去只重视其社会属性，忽略或否定其自然属性，造成了许多不该发生的问题。资本的自然属性存在于资本的使用价值之中，属于生产要素方面的关系，是构成企业生产力的重要组成部分。如果说，资本的社会属性是为了通过资本的所有权获得资本收益的分配权的话，那么，资本的自然属性则是通过资本本身的运动使资本得到增值，取得收益。如同任何事物的发展运动都有其规律一样，依照资本的自然属性运行资本，也有着其客观规律。即：资本总是要向那些能够获得最高额利润的产业或产品集中；资本总是要通过竞争表现自己的活跃，并在社会经济生活中的各个领域都具有强大的渗透力；大资本就要吃掉小资本，小资本又不甘心被吃掉，资本就要联合起来维护自己的安全和在竞争中处于有利地位，资本总是要不断地扩张；资本总是要通过形?

Abstract This paper argues that we must rethink capital now in China. Capital has duality. The one is its natural character, and the other is its social one. The existence of capital is decided by its natural character. Capital's natural character is capital must apperciate, and its social one is whom capital belongs to. In the past, we only paid attention to capital's social character, and neglected or negated its natural character. Capital's natural character exists in its use value, belongs to productive factors' relationship, and is an important part of productive forces. If we can say that capital's social character is getting the distribution right for capital income by its ownership, then we can say that capital's natural character is making capital appreciate and getting income by capital's own moving. Capital's moving according to its natural character follows its own subjective law, i. e., capital must move and concentrate in those industries or products that can gain greater profit, etc. In fact,whether capital can realize appreciation or not, and appreciate much or less isn't decided by its social character, but by its natural one.