论侵权法中的损害

Study on the Damages in Tort Law

在侵权法中,损失包含损害,狭义上的损害由不利益、达到一定程度、否定性评价因素三个要素构成。传统侵权法学说认为侵害结果只是现实损害,这一学说是对客观现实的错误反应,损害与侵害结果并不同质。侵害结果不仅包括现实的实质性损害,还包括实质损害威胁与实质性障碍,不利益性、客观确定性、主观评判性是它最为显著的特征。

In tort law, damage is included in loss. In a narrow sense, damage is consisted of three factors： deprived interests, certain degree and negative evaluation. In the traditional theory of tort law, it is believed that the outcomes of transgression are only the realistic damages. This theory is a mistake reflection of the fact. Actually, damage does not mean the consequences of transgression. The consequences of transgression are composed of the material damages, the material menaces and the material handicaps. Deprived interests, objective ascertainment and subjective judgment are typical characters of the consequences of transgression.