丧偶老年人主观幸福感及其影响因素

Related Factors of Subjective Well-being in Widowed Elders

目的:探讨丧偶老年人主观幸福感及其影响因素。方法:本研究为横断面调查。以性别为分层标准,采用等距抽样法随机抽取西安市社区丧偶1年及以上的老人292名,男性149例,女性143例;年龄60～86岁。采用纽芬兰纪念大学幸福度量表、康奈尔医学指数(CornellMedicalIndex,CMI)、应对方式问卷、社会支持评定量表及自编调查表进行测查,进行方差分析和结构方程模型分析。结果:男性丧偶老人主观幸福感高于女性丧偶老人[(25.5±5.7)vs.(22.8±6.9),P<0.01]。CMI总分、解决问题、退避、支持利用度、主观支持对老年人主观幸福感具有直接影响(权重分别为:-0.358,0.567,-0.469,0.320,0.152);解决问题、自责、求助、支持利用度、主观支持对老年人主观幸福感具有间接影响(权重分别为:0.124,-0.087,0.091,0.049,0.098)。结构方程模型显示,解决问题对主观幸福感的正性影响最大,其次是支持利用度和主观支持(权重分别为:0.691,0.369,0.250);退避对主观幸福感具有最大负性影响(权重为:-0.469)。结论:本研究提示缺乏社会支持是丧偶老年人低主观幸福感的危险因素,合理的应对方式对提高个体主观幸福感具有积极意义。

Objective： To investigate the predictors of Subjective Well-being （SWB ） in widowed elders. Methods： A total of 292 widowed elders who living in communities were selected by interval sampling. The subjects were interviewed with the Memorial University of Newfoundland Scale of Happiness, Cornell Medical Index （ CMI ） , Coping Style Questionnaire, Social Support Rating Scale and a self-made questionnaire. The data was analyzed by independent-sample t-test, one-way ANOVA and Structural Equation Modeling. Results： The males reported higher Subjective Well-being than the females [ （ 25.5 ± 5.7） vs. （ 22. 8 ± 6. 9 ）, P 〈 0.01 ] . CMI, problem-solving, withdrawal, social supports using, subjective social support were significantly correlated with SWB （ the regression weight were - 0. 358, 0. 567, - 0. 469, 0. 320 and 0. 152 respectively） . Problem-solving, self-abuse, helpseeking, social supports using, subjective social support were significantly correlated with SWB （ the regression weight were 0. 124, -0. 087, 0. 091, 0. 049 and 0. 098 respectively） . Structural Equation Modeling analysis showed that problem-solving had maximal positive effect on SWB, social supports using and subjective social secondly （ the regression weight were 0. 691,0. 369 and 0. 250 respectively） ; withdrawal had maximal negative effect on SWB （ the regression weight was - 0. 469 ） . Conclusion： Lack of social supports is a risk factor of low subjective well-being in widowed eiders, and adaptive coping style have positive effect on SWB.