反哺农业的产业组织与市场组织--基于农产品价值链的分析

The Industrial Organization and the Market Organization that Repay Agriculture——An Analysis Based on the Value Chain of Agricultural Products

在发达国家或地区消费需求的驱动下,近20年世界各国农业出现了非传统农产品生产、销售比重逐步上升,非传统农产品采取了大量的合同联系方式在全球范围内生产和销售。本文通过对农产品价值链的分析,发现提高农业生产率和对农民进行人力资本投资的微观机制存在于农产品价值链中农户、加工企业、流通环节和零售商之间的纵向联系,发现价值链驱动者从生产者向加工企业、进而向购买者转变之后,"三农"状况发生了转变:农业生产过程由于驱动者的控制逐步变得标准化、合约化,农产品生产实现了规模经济与范围经济;农民部分变成了农业工人,成为驱动者的雇员,获取劳动力市场的均衡工资,部门农民通过合约联系加入价值链,受到了驱动者的技术指导,实现了产业升级;农村在农产品生产和销售标准化、合约化的渗透下具备了工业化基础,农村呈现出工业化组织和发展的趋势。因此,反哺三农就是改造农业生产的价值链驱动模式,提高加工企业和大型零售企业对农产品价值链的驱动力,使得农业生产率提高形成自我实施的机制,同时增强农民专业经济合作组织,提高广大小农户参与价值链程度,改善农村合约实施环境。

Driven by the consumption demand in developed countries and regions in the recent 20 years,in agriculture in countries all over the world,the production of nontraditional agricultural products and their proportion of sale have gradually increased,and they have been produced and sold globally through making contracts. By an analysis of the value chain of agricultural products,we have discovered that the micro system of raising the agricultural productivity and of investment of human capital exists in the vertical relationship between farmers,processing enterprises,intermediate links and retailers,all of which are in the value chain of agricultural products,and that,after the movement from drivers of the value chain to producers to processing enterprises to purchasers,the three 'agris' ( agricultural production,agricultural products and agricultural producers) have changed:because of the control by producers,the process of agricultural production has gradually standardized and has been in accordance with contracts,the scale economy and the scope economy have been realized in the production of agricultural products,the farmers have become agricultural workers who are employees of the said drivers and got equilibrium wages on the labor markets,farmers working in a department have joined the value chain by means of contract,guided in technology by the said drivers and upgraded their production and sales,villages,under the influence of the normalization and contract-ization of the production and the sale of agricultural products,have had the foundation of industrialization and the tendency toward becoming industrialized organizations and developing. Therefore,repaying 'three agris' is just the model that drives the value chain which remolds agricultural production; this model can strengthen the forces of processing enterprises and main retail enterprises that drive the value chain of agricultural products,can cause the formation of the system in which the improvement of agricultural productivity will be realized without external forces,and can,meanwhile,strengthen farmers' professionally economic cooperatives,increase the extent of the broad ordinary peasants' participation in the value chain and improve the rural environment for the fulfillment of contracts.