美式FTA中与药品专利有关的超TRIPs条款研究

Analysis of Selected TRIPs-plus Provisions Pertinent to Pharmaceutical Patent Contained in American FTAs

在有关TRIPs的谈判中,发达国家未能实现其所有目的,虽屡次试图加强TRIPs的保护水平,却总是成效甚微。鉴于此,双边自由贸易协定,而非多边条约,成为了他们新一轮努力的重点。在这方面,美国无愧于其中"翘楚",其近年所为,对"超TRIPs条款"的扩张起了推波助澜作用。这使发达国家得以规避TRIPs中有利于较不发达国家的规定,并为进一步制定不平等国际规范奠定了基础。文章主要分析了美式FTA中与药品专利有关的超TRIPs条款,以证明上述观点,并提请发展中国家注意国际知识产权立法中的这一双边趋势及其潜在的不利影响。

Having failed to achieve all they sought in the TRIPs negotiations and unsuccessfully attempted to strengthen intellectual property fights （IPRs） in TRIPs in the years ensuing its implementation, the developed nations shifted the focus of their efforts from the multilateral forum to bilateral Free Trade Agreements （FTAs）. In this regard, the US is clearly the leader in promoting ‘TRIPs- Plus provisions＇, which impose more stringent conditions than TRIPs requires, and which allow the developed nations to circumvent rules mainly in favor of the less affluent members of WTO and to set new and probably unequal international norms. This paper focuses on those TRIPs-plus provisions pertinent to pharmaceutical patent to evince that a rotating cycle between bilateralism and rnultilateralism not only exists but also strengthens IPTs and obligations of nations, and to warn the developing countries against the potential adverse impacts of these TRIPs-plus provisions to the traditional capacity of suppliers of public goods, and to make clear the bilateral trend in international IP lawmaking and its long-term political, economical and social repercussions.