厌氧氨氧化菌的物种多样性与生态分布

Species diversity and ecological distribution of anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria

厌氧氨氧化是微生物和环境领域的重大发现,厌氧氨氧化可同时去除氨氮和亚硝氮,在环境工程上具有重大开发价值.由于厌氧氨氧化菌生长极慢,倍增时间长达11 d以上,严重制约了该反应的开发进程,因此,对厌氧氨氧化菌的研究具有重要意义.厌氧氨氧化菌种类丰富,除了人们最早认识的浮霉状菌外,还有硝化细菌和反硝化细菌,这些菌群生态分布广泛,为开辟新的厌氧氨氧化菌种资源创造了条件.硝化细菌和反硝化细菌兼有厌氧氨氧化能力,其代谢多样性为加速厌氧氨氧化反应器的启动提供了依据.厌氧消化污泥可呈现硫酸盐型厌氧氨氧化活性,可为新型生物脱氮工艺的研发奠定基础.探明厌氧氨氧化菌种资源及其生态分布,将有利于厌氧氨氧化的开发应用.

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation （anammox） is an important discovery in microbiology and environmental sciences, which can simultaneously remove NH4^＋ -N and NO3^- -N, being valuable in environmental engineering. However, anaerobic ammonium oxidizers are extremely slowgrowing, and their population＇s doubling time is longer than 11 days, which seriously restricts the application of anammox process. Therefore, the study of anammox bacteria is of significance. It has been proved that besides planctomycetes, the first recognized anammox bacteria, both nitrifying bacteria and denitrifying bacteria are also capable of anaerobic ammonium oxidation. These anammox bacteria have wide-spread habitats, which offered a chance to exploit new bacterial resources for anammox. Nitrifying bacteria and denitrifying bacteria have the function of anammox, and their metabolic diversity provides a basis to speed up the start-up of anammox reactor. It was revealed that anaerobic digestion sludge can present anammox activity, with sulphate as electron acceptor. The new bioreaction lays a foundation for the development of novel N-removal biotechnology, being conducive to the development and application of anammox to get more bacterial resources for anammox and to make clear the ecological distribution of anammox bacteria.