朱子哲学当代诠释方法论之反思——从“继别为宗”到“横摄归纵”

Reflections on the Contemporary Interpretation Methodology of Master Zhu's Philosophy ——From"Inheriting yet Becoming One School" to "Horizontal Control yet Being Vertical"

本文旨在针对牟宗三对于朱子学所提出的独特论点,提出反省批评,并经由方法论的深层反省,指出此中所含"逆格义"的诠释限制,进而对朱子学提出一更恰当的可能诠释与重建。首先,简要阐释"继别为宗"的意义,并指出这宗法性的分判本身的限制何在,在方法论上将有如何之限制,并深入朱子的相关文献,对比诠释,指出所谓"本质工夫"与"助缘工夫"之区别,及其在诠释上的缺陷何在。再次,以朱子的《格物补传》为核心,指出它仍归本于"体用一源、显微无间"的大传统,其并非"静涵静摄的横摄系统",而是"横摄归纵的系统"。换言之,朱子学仍是孟子学,只是它开启了孟子学的道德理智主义一脉,而不同于阳明学的主意主义。朱子为横摄归纵的系统,而阳明则为纵贯横推的系统。牟宗三关于朱子阳明的根本分判是可争议的。朱子学一方面强调"格物穷理",但另一方面则强调"涵养主敬",此如车之双轮、鸟之双翼,其中隐含一"知识"与"道德"的辩证性结构。这可以说是由"识别于物"而"知止于心",最后则"明通于道",从知识的横摄到归溯于存有之源,即此存有之源即是道德之源。借此进一步反思学术社群、诠释权力及学问系统之诸多问题,以朱子学为焦点,指出该跨越当代新儒学的限制,而进入一个崭新的诠释时代,中国哲学之发展将有新的可能,朱子学亦当有一恰当而妥贴的诠释。

This paper puts forward some proper interpretations and reconstruction of Master Zhu＇s doctrine. First, the significance of＂ inheriting yet becoming one school＂is briefly interpreted, and further the limitation of this view is pointed out and finally some shortcomings are made clear in the method of interpretation. Second, in the book Supplement to Analytical Observation by Master Zhu, the traditional thought of＂ root and use＇is the mainstay. In other words, Master Zhu＇s doctrine comes from Master Mencius＇doctrine, but it develops Master Mencius in the aspect of morality and intellectualism, different from Yangming＇s doctrine. Master Zhu＇s system belongs to＂horizontal control yet being vertical＂, while Yangming＇s doctrine belongs to＂vertical line yet horizontal spreading＂, so Mu Zong -san＇s analysis and judgment of Master Zhu and Yangming＇s doctrines are controversial. This paper involves in many problems such as academic communities, interpreta- tion of power, academic system and so on.