艺术的审美本性与去审美化问题——从古典到后现代和马克思主义美学

Essence of Artistic Appreciation and Issue of De-appreciation——From classicism to modern and Marxist esthetics

艺术的审美本性经过了审美主义和审美化两极的分裂。这是当前关于"艺术终结"以及审美泛化现象所围绕的一个核心问题。艺术的审美与去审美化问题在英美和德法国家那里都有从古典主义到现代主义和后现代主义的源流关系之变化发展,也涵盖着诸如"艺术是什么""美与审美是什么"这样一些本质问题的争论,体现于不同的侧面:(一)平民主义(或民粹主义)的大众文化对精英主义/审美主义的冲击;(二)先锋艺术对艺术审美本性的颠覆;(三)马克思主义批判审美主义的同时在对去审美化的阐释中坚持艺术审美本性。马克思主义美学充分肯定艺术作为一种"按照美的规律制作"有着自己的(审美合法性)边界,其(审美的)不朽魅力是结合着历史的方向和目的,以对现实生活的本质方面的认识为内容,以自然和历史所显现的生动鲜明的个别感性为"有意义的形式",通过对现有秩序的批判性,在实践中阐释去审美化的历史语境,通过对话与其他话语在反拜物上的广泛结盟,为人的解放而斗争。

Artistic appreciation undergoes a disintegration of estheticism and appreciation. This is a core issue centering around the so called ＂the also undergone a change anddevelopment such debateson questions of ＇what is art＇ end of art＂ and over-generalized appreciation. This issue has from classicism, modernism and post - modernism, covering and ＇ what is beauty and estheticism＇ in the followingaspects： 1 ） mass culture of the common people against elitism and estheticism; 2 ） overthrow of artistic appreciation by avant - garde art; 3 ） maintaining artistic appreciation in the interpretation of de - appreciation in Marxist criticism on estheticism. Marxist esthetics believes that art follows its own rules of creation and has its own boundary. Its eternal beauty is related to historical orientation and purpose. Its content is real life and its meaningful form is vivid and individual sensation reflected in nature and history. Through criticism of the current order, art interprets the historical context of de-appreciation; through extensive association with other discourses on counter-worshipers via dialogue, art fights for human emancipation