从承包到“再集中”——中国北方草原环境保护政策分析

From "Rangeland Leasing" to "Recentralization in Rangeland Conservation"——Policies of Rangeland Conservation in North China

从上世纪90年代开始,国家希望通过草场承包的方式避免草原"共有地悲剧"的结果。但是,草原承包并没有带来预期的效果,因为承包打破了草原的整体性,破坏了草原牧区的地方规范,加剧了草原利用的冲突。从2000年以后,国家积极地介入草原生态保护中,试图通过补贴和干预牧民的微观生产行为来保护草原生态环境。草原环境保护政策制定和实施的权力集中于中央政府。但是,违规行为普遍存在,大部分地区的生态环境并没有得到改善。国家干预的失败在于国家决策的简单化和决策过程的再集中。

From 1990s,Central Government wishes to conserve grassland environment and avoid the 'Tragedy of Commons' by leasing pasture to individual households.Pasture leasing didn't protect rangeland because it broken the integrity of pastureland,destroyed the local norms and brought more conflicts among herders.Since 2000,state intervened in rangeland conservation by providing compensation and managing herding activities.Although government issued policies to manage grazing,violation occurred everywhere.Simplified and recentralized decision making and implementation resulted in the failures of rangeland conservation.