方言中处置式和被动式拥有共同标记的原因

The Common Markers of Disposal and Passive Constructions in Chinese Dialects

本文尝试解释汉语方言中普遍存在的一种现象:很多方言使用同一个语法标记来标记它们的处置式和被动式,此外,同一个标记在有的方言中标记处置式,而在另外的方言中则标记被动式,然而处置式和被动式所标记的语法成分恰好相反,前者为受事,后者为施事。这是汉语的一种独特语法现象,其他语言的受事标记和施事标记是来自相互对立的词汇形式。本文首先对汉语方言的这种现象作出全面的调查分析,然后从汉语语法的整体特性、动词的概念化特点以及处置式和被动式的相互关系等方面,对这种现象产生的原因做出解释。

This paper aims to explore the reason why so many Chinese dialects employ the same markers for both their disposal and passive constructions.Similarly,the same lexical items develop into disposal markers in some dialects,but passive markers in other dialects. However,the marked constituents of disposal and passive constructions are exactly the opposite:the former is patient but the latter is agent.This is not consistent with other languages whose corresponding markers come from totally opposite lexical resources.The present analysis offers a comprehensive description of the phenomenon and then explains the cognitive and conceptual motivations for it.