北魏史官制度与国史纂修

The Historiographer's Office and the Writing of National History in Northern Wei

拓跋鲜卑由游牧部落拓定中原,建立魏国,文籍制度实现了从刻木记事到设置史官的转变。皇兴中,置著作局;太和中,置集书省,形成了著作与记注两套机构和较为完善的史官制度。"国史案"之前,著作官不常置,有撰事则设。和平元年(460)复置史官,著作官常态化;太和十五年(491)设左、右史,记注官常置。史官制度保障了国史修撰,北魏前后八次撰修国史,为魏收纂修《魏书》积累了材料。而且,北魏的史官制度又影响了东魏、北齐乃至隋唐。

Tuoba Xianbei （拓跋鲜卑）, a nomadic tribe, united the Central Plains and created Dynasty Wei. They formed two organizations called recording and annotating history and writing history, and had the system of the historiographer recording events by carving on wood changed into the historiographer of the document system. The mechanism of the writing was set up during Huangxing （皇兴）, then Jishusheng was set up during Taihe （太和）. Beforo the National History Case,the office of writing history was temporary. It was set to meet the need of writing the history. Then it developed into a standing office in A.D. 460. Zuoshi and Youshi appeared in A.D. 491, the officers of recording and annotating history developed into a standing office. The system of the officers of history paved the way of the writing of national history. The writing of national history was checked and rewritten eight times, accumulating the information and documents for WEISHU written by Wei Shou. The system of the officers of history during Northern Wei affected the system in Eastern Wei, Northern Qi and Dynasties of Sui and Tang.