论汉语趋向动词“上”和“下”的语法化和语义不对称性

On Grammaticalization of Chinese Directional Verbs Shang(上) and Xia(下) and Their Semantic Asymmetry

本文探讨汉语中两个趋向动词"上"和"下"的语法化和语义的演变,并尝试从认知语义学的角度来说明这两个语义对立的趋向动词所表现出来的语义不对称性。关于"上"和"下"的语法化演变,语料分析的结果表现出这两个趋向动词的语法和语义改变完全遵从语法化演变的原则。语法化演变的脉络提供了类型学上的证据,对趋向动词而言,汉语是由一个动词框架语言发展成一个卫星框架语言。在研究"上"和"下"的语法化的过程中,我们发现,"上"在与宾语结合时,连用的宾语只能解读为目标含义,而非来源含义,然而与"下"连用的宾语则可以是带有目标或来源含义的词。这样的后接宾语限制形成了"上"和"下"在宾语语义角色上的不对称现象。本文在认知语义学的架构下尝试为"上"和"下"这两个趋向动词的语义不对称性提出一个可能的解释。希望本文的研究能对华语教学有所帮助。

This paper aims to explore the semantic changes and grammaticalization of two directional verbs--Shang （上） and Xia （下） in Chinese, and discuss the intriguing semantic asymmetry they exhibit. The data analysis shows that the syntactic and semantic changes of these two directional verbs follow the principles of grammaticalization, The thread of the derivations provides some typological evidence that for directional verbs, at least for Shang （ 上 ） and Xia （ 下 ）, Chinese develops from a verb- framed language to a satellite-framed language. Moreover, a possible explanation with regard to the semantic asymmetry between Shang （上） and Xia （下） is also provided. A cognitive approach will be employed to explicate why the objects that Shang （上） takes can only be interpreted as GOAL, while those associated with Xia （下） can have both SOURCE and GOAL readings. It is hoped that this work might be helpful for Teaching Chinese as Foreign language.