有毒作业分级方法的初步研究

Preliminary study on classification of toxic work

目的初步建立一种有毒作业分级方法,为正确评价和持续改进有毒作业的职业卫生状况提供科学依据。方法首先参考《职业性接触毒物危害程度分级》(GB5044-85)修改评价毒物危害程度的指标及分级依据,并采用定量积分法对毒物危害程度进行分级。其次,选择有毒作业场所评价分级指标,综合考虑职业危害的可能性(接触时间和接触强度)、危害的严重性(健康效应)以及接触人数和防护措施,合理地给予一定的等级权重,建立职业危害风险指数以划分有毒作业职业危害风险等级并相应地对有毒作业进行分级,初步建立有毒作业分级方法。结果职业危害风险指数初步划分为5级,分别为无危害(≤6)、轻度危害(6<C≤12)、中度危害(12<C≤24)、高度危害(24<C≤80)和极度危害(>80)。有毒作业相应地也分为五级,即0级(安全作业)、一级(轻度危害作业)、二级(中度危害作业)、三级(高度危害作业)和四级(极度危害作业);应用风险指数法对苯、甲苯和丙烯腈有毒作业部分操作岗位进行职业危害风险评估。结论初步建立了一种新的有毒作业分级方法,分级结果较《有毒作业分级GB12331-90》(国标-90)更为客观和严格。

Objective To initially establish a classification method of toxic work, providing scientific basis for correct evaluation and continuous improvement of occupational health condition. Methods Firstly, we modified the indexes and classification basis based on ＂Classification of Hazard Degree of Occupational-exposed Toxicants＂ （GB 5044-85） and classified hazard degree of toxicants by the method of quantitatively cumulative score. Secondly, we chose indexes for classification of toxic work and comprehensively considered the combined effects of possibility of occupational hazards （exposure duration and intensity）, severity of the hazards （health effects）, number of exposed workers, and preventive measures. Then we properly gave certain weights to establish a method of occupational hazard index for classification of toxic work. Results The occupational hazard indexes were elassified into five degrees, that is, no hazard （46）, slight hazard （6〈C≤12）, moderate hazard （12〈C≤24）, high hazard （24〈C≤80）, and extreme hazard （〉80） ; the toxic work were accordingly classified into five degrees： zero degree （safe e）, first degree （slightly hazardous work）, second degree （moderately hazardous work）, third degree （highly hazardous）, and fourth degree （extremely hazardous work）. The index method was applied in several work units of benzene, toluene, and acrylonitrile to evaluate occupational hazard risks. Conclusions Initially established a classifieation method of toxic work, which is more objective and stricter than ＂Classification of Toxic Work＂ （GB 12331-90）.