论吐蕃统治敦煌时期的官田与营田

The Guantian and Yingtian in Dunhuang during the Era of Tibetan Governing

吐蕃统治时期敦煌等地的官田有官员的俸禄田和以其收入支付官府日常开支的公廨田,这一做法应当是模仿了唐朝的职田、公廨田制度。敦煌寺户轮流到吐蕃官田耕作,被称为营田夫。吐蕃沙州政权对于营田的管理,除了营田官外,还由仓曹负责。敦煌藏文文书中的财物房有可能系吐蕃官府中的公廨机构。吐蕃统治结束后敦煌归义军政权可能设有公廨司,应当负责归义军政权官园、官田的经营。另外,仓曹以及营田官也应对官园、官田进行管理。

During the era of Tibetan governing, some part of the Guantian （ government＇s farmland） was cultivated to supply the government employee＇s salaries, thus being called the Fenglutian （farmland for salary） ; other part was used to support the daily operation of the government, thus being termed Gongxietian （ farmland for governmental expenditure）. This kind of institutional arrangement was borrowed from the corresponding policies of the Tang Dynasty. The Buddhist households took turns to work in the Guantian and were called Yingtianfu （persons working in the farmlands）. The officials working in the Shazhou Tibetan government, who were responsible for the management of the farming business, were entitled Yingtianguan and Cangcao respectively. The word ＂phyag rdzad khang＂ （house of finance） in Tibetan manuscripts of Dunhuang may well be the Gongxie department of the Tibetan government. After the Tibetan ruling, the regime of Gui Yijun in Dunhuang set up Gongxiesi, which was entitled to manage the government＇s farmland together with another two governmental organs headed respectively by Cangcao and Yingtianguan.