关于元朝的国号、年代与疆域问题

On the Title,Year and Domain of the Yuan Dynasty

蒙古原是金朝属部,成吉思汗受金官封"属部统领",乘金朝衰败,称帝建国,接着出兵攻金,逐鹿中原。其继承者先后灭金、灭南宋,实现了对全国的统治。其国号本为"大蒙古国"(在中原汉地称"大朝"),第五代大汗忽必烈建新国号"大元"以示承继中原历朝统绪,同时保留原国号,遂称"大元大蒙古国"。元人以太祖成吉思皇帝为本朝开国君主,明初所修《元史》同此。所以元朝起始年代应为成吉思汗建国的1206年。成吉思汗及其继承者征服了直到小亚、东欧的西域许多国家,实行皇族领地分封,形成西北四个汗国,称"宗藩之国"。元朝皇帝是大蒙古国大汗,各宗藩奉为宗主,名义上统有包括各宗藩国的辽阔版图,实际上各宗藩国均自主统治本国;被宗藩称为"大汗之国"的元朝廷直接管辖之地为中书省和岭北、辽阳、河南、陕西、四川、甘肃、云南、湖广、江浙、江西十行省,以及吐蕃三道(算一个行省),这就是元朝的疆域。

Mongolia was originally a part of the Jin dynasty. Ghinggis Khan was granted by the Jin dynasty as the leader of this part. When the Jin dynasty was declining, he proclaimed himself emperor and founded his own country. Then he launched wars against the Jin dynasty and occupied Central plains. His successors overturned the Jin dynasty and the Southern Song dynasty and achieved its control over the whole country. Originally its title was ~＇Big Mongolia＂ （ called ＂Dachao＂ in Central plains）. The fifth h6n is Kublai Khan, established the new title ＂Big Yuan＂, showing his succeeding previous ruling of Central plains. At the same time, the original title was kept, therefore called ＂Big Yuan, Big Mongolia＂. The Yuan dynasty started with its Taizu, Ghinggis Khan as the founder of the dynasty. The History of the Yuan dynasty written at the beginning of the Ming dynasty has similar record. Therefore the beginning year of the Yuan dynasty should be 1206, the very year Ghinggis Khan founded the dynasty. Ghinggis Khanand his successors conquered a large area including Asia, Eastern Europe. The emperor granted manors; therefore with four Han domains called ＂vassal states＂ The emperor of the Yuan dynasty was the h（ln of the Big Mongolia, the head of all vassal states, controlled the big domain of all vassal states. In fact, all vassal states ruled their own kingdoms. The Yuan dynasty, the big Han country called by all vassal states controlled directly the following provinces including Zhongshu, Lingbei, Liaoyang, Henan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Gansu, Yunnan, Huguang, Jiangzhe, Jiangxi and Tufansandao. This was the domain of the Yuan dynasty.