论行政主体义务的法律意义

The Duty of Administrative Agencies:A Perspective of Law

行政主体义务对行政法关系乃至于行政法治的走向起着决定性作用,它与行政法中的"权利"和"权力"具有同等重要的地位。然而,在我国行政法学界历来重视对后两者的研究而忽视了前者,没有给行政主体义务以科学的定位,这不能不说是行政法学理论的一大缺憾。行政主体义务的成立,必须有法律或职权上的依据,有行政法上的义务形态,有行政法上的权利主体,有完成义务的行为能力;行政主体义务在法律表现上有其独特之处,它是一个复杂的义务链条,是管理义务与服务义务的统一,是积极义务与消极义务的统一,是职权义务与行为义务的统一,是法规义务与契约义务的统一;行政主体义务对行政职权定"责",对行政法关系定"性",对行政行为定"量",对行政救济定"度"有重要的法律意义。

The duty of administration agencies is of vital importance to the relations of administrative laws and government in accordance with a system of administrative law, as such, its status is equal to ＂right＂ and ＂power＂ in administrative law. However, scholars in China＇ s administrative law circles traditionally focus only on ＂right＂ and ＂power＂ while ＂duty＂ is ignored and unfortunately no scientific assessment has been made of it in the theoretical research of administrative law. Thus, the present paper holds it necessary to conduct a systematic study on the structural requirements, legal features, and legal meanings of the duty of administrative law. Formation of the duty must be based on laws or authorizations, i.e. the specific duties and agencies provided in administrative law, and the competence to perform the duties. The duty of administrative agencies has its peculiar features in law that demonstrate it as a complex duty chain, an integration of administrative service duties, a combination of active and negative duties, a union of functional and behavioral duties, and a coordination of statutory and contractual duties. In the perspective of law, the ＂scope＂ of administrative functions, the ＂nature＂ of the relations in administrative law and the ＂quantum＂ of administrative behaviors are all determined by the duty of administrative agencies.