清代皖北地区洪涝灾害初步研究——兼及历史洪涝灾害等级划分的问题

A Preliminary Survey on Waterlog of Northern Anhui Province during Qing Dynasty——Concerning the Problem of Dividing Historical Waterlog Degrees

本文根据档案关于1736-1911年洪涝灾害史料的记载,以州县为空间单元,对清代淮河中游皖北地区的洪涝灾害进行初步的研究。首先,从灾害学研究的角度,针对淮河流域洪涝灾害发生的特征,根据研究的需要,突破以往学术界关于水旱灾害气象学的等级划分模式,建立了一个洪涝灾害的灾害学等级划分体系,并对皖北地区洪涝灾害进行了逐年等级划分。以此为基础的系统分析结果表明:此间皖北洪涝灾害频繁,其发生具有普遍、连年和集中的特征;灾害的年际、年内持续时间起伏较大;除广泛性外,灾害空间分布还有明显的区际间不平衡性;其洪涝灾害的类型以涝、偏涝为主,大涝次之,特大涝约30余年一遇。上述洪涝灾害发生的基本情形,说明皖北地区属于典型的"积歉之区"。连年范围广大的洪涝灾害,对皖北地区的经济和社会发展产生了深远的负面影响。

According to the files of waterlog from 1736 to 1911, this text studies the waterlog which happened in the middle reach of Huai River and Northern Anhui province during Qing Dynasty on a stately and countyly basis. Above all, to found a system of disaster classification in allusion to waterlog characters, which is different from the pattern of aerography classification. That system indicate that the floods in Northern Anhui province often broke out universally and in successive years. And their duration changed a lot interannually, distribution districtly. Besides, little calamity was the main style, while great flood was met once upon thirty years. As a conclusion, Northern Anhui province belonged to the typical ＂the Farming Area in Debt＂. Those disasters have seriously affected that area.