清代漠南蒙古耕地数字性质考释——以热察绥地区为例

The Farmland Statistics in Inner Mongolia during the Qing Dynasty:An Analysis on the Figures in Rehe-Chahaer-Suiyuan Area

本文对以热察绥地区为代表的清代漠南蒙古耕地统计制度进行了分析,认为由于受到土地产权制度的影响,当地的耕地统计是一种制度性的不完全统计。由于政区建置时间较晚,本地土地数字较少受到"原额"的束缚,亩制也相对简单。大部分地区在较长时间内使用的是240弓的标准清亩,部分地区在清末使用360弓大亩。当地的耕地数字不仅是征税的依据,同时可以在一定程度上反映真实的耕地面积。

This article analyzed the farmland statistical system in Rehe-Chahar-Suiyuan region, which represents the Inner Mongolia area, during the Qing Dynasty （1644-1911）. It is found that due to the diverse local land ownership, the official statistics on farmland in this region is incomplete. However, because of the relatively late establishment of local administrative agencies, the statistics was less distorted by the tax traditions like in traditional agricultural region of China, and the meas- urement system was relatively simple. The standard measurement system was used in most duration of the dynasty, and was broken only in limited area in late 19th century. Therefore the ＂Qing＂ and ＂Mu＂ （Chinese units for area） numbers on farmland in local archives are not only of fiscal significance, but part reflection of actual early farmland area.