牧民对高寒牧区生态环境的感知——以甘南牧区为例

Research on the herds' perception of the environment in the high and cold pasturing area:a case of Ganan pasturing area

地处青藏高原的甘南牧区是典型的生态敏感区,牧民作为牧区最主要的经济活动主体与最基本的决策单位,其对生态环境的认识和响应影响着牧区的生态安全。采用参与性农户评估方法(PRA)对甘南牧区的97户牧民家庭进行了调查,并根据分布区域将其分成纯牧区牧户和半农半牧区牧户两组,就牧民的环境意识、对环境变化的感知、对环境变化原因的认识进行比较分析,基于分析结果,提出了相关的政策建议。研究结果表明:研究区牧民对生态环境重要性的认识非常明确,但在生产中却较少真正考虑对生态环境的影响;与20 a前相比,85%的牧户认为生态环境有所恶化,纯牧区牧户的感受更为深刻;对于生态环境恶化的原因,超过40%的牧户认为是超载过牧,其次是破坏植被(22.68%)和气候变化(18.56%)。两组牧户对于生态环境恶化原因的认识具有一定差别,纯牧区牧户认为主要原因是过度放牧及气候变化,半农半牧区牧户认为是过度放牧与破坏植被、滥垦土地。

Gannan pasturing area lying in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau is the typical ecological sensitive region, as the main economical activity body and the essential making a strategic decision unit, the herds＇ perception of the environment can effect the environment security in the pasturing area. The paper is based on a survey of 97 herd households by means of participatory rural appraisal（PRA）. According to the distribution region, all survey herds were divided into two groups, one is the herd household of the pure pasturing area, the other is the herd household of the semi-planting-pasturing area, and the author compares their similarities and differences of perception towards the herds＇ environment sense, the perception of the environment change and the reasons of the environment change. Based on these analysis results, the author provides the correlative policies and advices in the study region. The results indicate that the importance of environmental conservation is concerned, the herds of semi-planting-pasturing area have more favorable attitude towards it than the herds of pasturing area, but nearly 60 per cent can consider the environmental impact when the herds arranged agricultural practices. The majority of interviewees （nearly 85 per cent） consider that the local eco-environment is worse than 20 years before, the perception of the herds of the pure pasturing is more profound than the herds of the semi-planting-pasturing area. Over 40 per cent of the respondents think that overgrazing is the main reason of the eco-environment deterioration, and destroying vegetation（22.68 per cent） and climate changing（ 18.56 per cent） is following. However, there are many differences in the perception of the reasons of the environment deterioration between the two groups, the herds of the pure pasturing area thought the main reasons were overgrazing and climate changing, and the herds of the semi-planting-pasturing area thought the main reasons were overgrazing and destroying vegetation and excessively reclaiming land