世界竞技体操优势转移过程的特征及其影响因素分析

The Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Advantage Transfer Process of Gymnastics in the World

世界竞技体操优势转移经历了欧洲国家交错统霸、日苏对抗、苏联领军多国并进、从多国争霸到中美抗衡等4个阶段。表现出单项化趋势越来越明显、优势集中依然突出、曾经获得过竞争优势的国家容易重新崛起、优势国家的展现在性别上有差异等4个显性规律。研究表明,竞技能力直接决定着优势的获取;创新与训练是提高竞技能力并获取优势的唯一路径;科研与资金是保证训练和实现创新的重要保障;政策导向使科技与资金支持通畅便利,群众基础为科技与资金支持提供了广阔的发展空间;地理是竞技体操存在的最低限度,政治直接影响着政策导向,经济通过政策导向间接支撑着竞技体操的发展,文化则直接影响着包括竞技体操在内的体育运动的发展方向。

Advantage transfer of world gymnastics has undergone four stages： European countries alternating control, Japan and the Soviet confrontation, the Soviet leader and many countries advance side by side, from many countries to China and the United States contend for hegemony. Advantage transfer of world gymnastics has showed four laws： individual trends show more and more obvious, advantages of centralized still prominent, and once won a competitive edge country easily re-emergence and the country show the advantages in terms of gender differences. Competitive ability determines the advantage of direct access; innovation and training is the only path of improve the competitive ability and obtain advantages; research and funding to ensure that training and an important guarantee for implementation of innovation; policy guidance to make science, technology and financial support to facilitate smooth, masses of basic provide a broad space for science, technology and financial support; Geography is the minimum existence of the gymnastics, political impact direct- ly on policy orientation, economic policy orientation indirectly through supporting the development of gymnastics, a direct impact on culture, including gymnastics including the direction of sports development.