苏东社会结构转型的社会学分析：阶级与阶层的视野

A Sociological Analysis on the Social Structure Transformation of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe:Perspectives from Classes and Social Layers

本文通过对苏联东欧社会变迁的实证分析,从社会结构分层的视角探索苏东社会转型的原因及过程。首先,高度工业化与城市化所导致的城乡社会结构的改变,是苏联东欧社会转型的根本原因,这是它与东亚、拉美等国或地区的社会转型具有深层关联性的一面。而农民迁移到城市的结构性流动所产生的复杂流动机制和分层机制,对苏东社会转型带来了直接的影响和冲击。苏东社会的中间阶层,其价值观、社会功能和政治态度对激进的制度转型具有不可低估的作用。其次,先是深层次的社会结构发生转变,即由农民向城市工人的阶级分层发生变化,然后才是表层的社会结构发生转变,即在市场化背景下,苏东社会的阶层分层因利益多元化而发生分化。苏东社会结构转型的具体过程明显地分为这两个阶段。

This paper explores the reasons and process of the social changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe through an empirical study on social transformation in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe from a perspective of social structure stratification. First, changes in social structure both in urban and rural areas caused by a high degree of industrialization and urbanization is the basic reason for social transformation in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, which is an aspect of relevance in social transformation between them and East Asia, Latin America and other countries or regions. And the complex flow system and structural stratification caused by migration flow into cities has a direct impact on the social transition of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. The middle class, especially its values, social functions and political attitudes has had a significant influence on the radical system transformation and this impact should not be underestimated. Secondly, the specific process of transition in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe can be clearly divided into two phases： first stage is deep-level changes in social structure, namely, the changes of class stratification from peasants to urban workers; second stage is the surface-level changes in social structure, namely, class stratification because of diverse interest under the background of marketisation.