用生态价值观权衡传统农业与常规农业的效益--以稻鱼共作模式为例

Tradeoff Analysis on Comprehensive Valuation of Traditional Agriculture and Rice Monocropping in Zhejiang

农业是整个国民经济发展的基础,实现农业生产的可持续发展,对实践科学发展观、建设生态文明都具有举足轻重的作用。中国传统农业的一些优秀模式都体现了古人"天人合一"的朴素的生态哲学思想,但逐渐被当代不可持续的农业生产方式替代。不可否认,现代化大规模农业生产在保障粮食数量安全方面的贡献,但在一些适合小规模耕作的地区,传统农业模式比现代常规农业耕作方式更具优势。本文基于生态价值观,以稻鱼共生系统为例,针对农民和国家两个不同层次的主体,对传统农业和常规农业的效益进行了比较全面和综合的分析,结果表明:对农户而言,稻田养鱼模式能获得更多的现金净收入,但其投入也较高,因此不利于激励农户进行该模式的农业生产;对全社会而言,稻田养鱼模式的社会效益更高,而常规农业在扣除劳动力成本后其社会效益为负值。

Agriculture is the base of national economy, and the sustainable development of agriculture plays an important role in the implementation of Scientific Concept of Development and Ecological Civilization Construction. In the long history of agriculture in China, a wealth of knowledge and theories on the harmonious relationship between human, nature and environment has been accumulated. However, modern agriculture and agricultural mechanization have gradually replaced traditional agriculture in pursuit of increase in grain production and income. Indeed, the development of modern agriculture and agricultural mechanization plays an important role in food supplies, however, regional ecosystems are disrupted and environment is polluted. Some traditional agricultural models suit mountainous areas better. Therefore, to discover and develop traditional agricultural techniques are as important as to create and extend new agricultural techniques for the sustainable development of agriculture. The values of rice-fish agriculture and rice monocropping in Qingtian County of Zhejiang Province are comprehensively evaluated by using ecological economics methods. Firstly, the results show that the direct unit income of rice-fish agriculture is 5144 yuan/ha more than rice monocropping, but an additional cost of 1493 yuan per hectare has to be paid, which means the Return On Investment （ROI） of rice-fish agriculture is worse than rice monocropping. So, how to tradeoff the higher net income and lower ROI is a dilemma for farmers. Usually, rice monocropping is preferred because of higher ROI. Secondly, ecological services such as gas regulation, nutrition cycling, biological control of pests, water regulation and pollution are evaluated with market value approach, shallow project approach, production cost approach and opportunity cost approach. By employing the methods of PAM and VAM, we find that the value of rice-fish agriculture is much higher than rice monocropping. Thirdly, the labor opportunity costs are calculated and the comprehensive value of rice monocropping becomes negative. Finally, based on the comprehensive analysis of benefit, we conclude that despite the fact that rice-fish agriculture contributes more to the community, the lower ROI and income can discourage farmers from adopting rice-fish agriculture. Therefore, subsidies for rice-fish agriculture should be provided to realize a win-win situation of satisfactory net income of farmers＇ and comprehensive benefit of the community.