农村劳动力流动对流出地的影响和效应探析——以河南省固始县为例

The Influence of the Rural Labor Forces to the Outflowing Areas:a case study of Gushi County,Henan Province

农村劳动力流动对流出地带来了较大的影响:1.农村劳动力流动推动了县域内的农业机械化,加快了农业新技术的应用,促进了土地制度和农业生产方式的变革;2.劳务经济成为当地经济发展和农民增加收入的主要来源;3.劳动力流动提升了人力资本,孕育并诞生了一大批农民经纪人;4.流动让一个由"打工仔"建立起来的消费型城市快速发展;5.劳动力流动促进了地方公益事业的发展。但是自2005年以来,随着河南省农业税的全面减免、政府各项补贴的发放和逐渐增加,农民土地收益不断增加,减弱了农村劳动力外流的意愿,这势必影响城镇化进程的推进。为此,国家应该建立健全农村社会保障机制,弱化农地的社会保障功能,让更多的农村劳动力自愿、无忧地从农业和农村中永久性地转移出去,建立健全相应的法律法规,切实保障从农村转移到城镇的劳动力的合法权益,提高农村劳动力的素质,进一步开展"阳光工程"培训,让农民掌握必要的职业技能,以增加流动劳动力进城就业的可能性和竞争能力。

The rural labor forces migration has led to great impacts on the migrant-sending areas： （1） the rural labor forces flowing has pushed forward the mechanization of agriculture of the county territory, sped up the agricultural new technology application and promoted the land system and the agricultural production way transformation; （2） the income from the rural labor forces flowing is the main channel of the economic development and the farmers income increases in the county; （3） the labor forces flowing has advanced the human capital, breeding a large quantities of farmer brokers; （4） the rural labor forces flowing has promoted one ＂consumption-type city＂ which establishes by ＂the laborers＂ rapid development; （5） the labor forces flowing has promoted the regional public welfare＇s development. But since 2005, with the agricultural tax reduction and exemption in Henan Province, governmental subsidies distribution and gradual increase, the land earnings have been increasing unceasingly, which have reduced the rural labor forces outflow aspiration. This will affect the urbanization advancement and modern agriculture development inevitably. Therefore, the country should establish the perfect rural social security function to let more rural labor forces permanently shift from the agriculture and the countryside voluntarily and unworriedly, establish the perfect laws and regulations to practically safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of the labor forces from the countryside to the cities, enhance the quality of the rural labor forces, and further develop ＂the sunlight project＂ training to enable the farmers to master the essential vocational skills and increase their possibility and competitive abilities to get a job in cities.