由乱世之教育看九品中正制

Nine-rank System:An Electoral System in Turbulent Times

九品中正制作为魏晋南北朝时期一种重要的选举制度,是由其特定的教育环境所决定的。曹魏之初,随着整体社会教育的衰微、门阀士族的形成,朝廷在与大族相妥协的情形下创立九品中正制;晋时,由于士族家学独盛,门第被无限夸大,九品中正制又独为士族所把持,将维护士族利益之功能发挥到了极点;南北朝时,君权回归、教育复兴、士族衰微,作为士族阶层把持选举工具的九品中正制便自然地退出历史舞台。纵观其演变历程,实是选举制度在乱世教育衰微情形之下的一种病态反映。

Nine--rank system is an important electoral system in the period of Wei and Jin Dynasties and is determined by its specific educational environment. At the beginning of the Wei Dynasty, with the declining of social education, the formation of the door valve gentry, nine--rank system was established with the compromise of the court and the well--known family. Because of the learning at Gentry home, the first door was exaggerated unlimited in Jin Dynasty. Nine--rank system is dominated by the gentry to safeguard the interests of the gentry extremly. With the returning of divine right, education rehabilitation and the declining of gentry, as a tool of holding the elections, nine--rank system stepped down from the stage of history naturally in Northern and Southern Dynasties. Throughout its evolution history, the electoral system is an abnormal state under the decline of education in the troubled times.