违宪判决的形态

On the Modalities of Unconstitutional Decision

宪法审查的一个重要功能就在于保障宪法价值在法律体系中得以贯彻,然而仅仅将法律法规认定为违宪并不足以有效实现对法律体系的合宪性控制。灵活运用违宪判决的形态可以促使合宪状态的进一步达成,同时避免对政治和法律秩序造成过度的冲击。违宪判决的形态大致包括违宪无效判决、单纯违宪判决和警告性判决。违宪判决形态的选择方法和原理是政治智慧和法律技巧相结合的产物,对这些不同模式下的判决形态选择方法加以梳理、比较,并分析其背后的制度因素,可为激活我国的宪法审查制度提供一种可能的推进策略。

ξ67 of the Constitution of PRC empowers the Standing Committee of the National People＇s Congress （SCNPC） to exercise the functions and powers ＂to interpret the Constitution and supervise its enforcement＂, and ＂to annul those administrative rules and regulations, decisions or orders of the State Council that contravene the Constitution or the law＂. In 2004, the SCNPC announced the formation of a new Legislation Review and Filing Office to assist its Legislative Affairs Commission in reviewing regulations that may conflict with the Constitution. But the SCNPC may react to citizens＇ proposals ＂when necessary＂, and is not required to inform citizens whether or not it will act on a proposal. So how to awaken the constitutional review in the constitutional text is still an urgent task for Chinese lawyers. Generally speaking, one of the most important functions of constitutional review is to enforce the constitutional value in the whole legal system. But only an unconstitutional judgment can not promote the legal system into constitutional order. Given the special characters of constitutional cases, constitutional adjudicators frequently adopt different modalities of unconstitutional deci-sions in the procedure of constitutional review to keep balance with the political branch. It is necessary to compare the different constitutional decision modalities in the countries with mature constitutional review system to provide several strategies and projects for our future constitutional review system. In different constitutional review systems, the modalities of unconstitutional decision can be classified into three types： unconstitutional and void decision, mere declaration of unconstitutionality decision, and admonitory decision. Such different modalities which combine legal technique and political wisdom can be the reference to catalyze the effective constitutional review in China. The National People＇s Congress system can provide exercising space for the above mentioned legal technique. At the beginning of the constitutional decision in practice, the SCNPC can adopt quasi admonitory decision as a preparatory step, considering the traditional opinions of rejecting criticism base on unconstitutional reason.