北京市郊典型农田施肥研究与分析

Investigation of fertilizer application in different farmlands in suburbs of Beijing

通过问卷调查形式,对京郊粮田、菜田和果园3种农田施肥现状进行研究。结果表明,菜田和果园化肥施用量较高,氮、磷、钾肥均显著高于粮田。菜田和果园氮肥用量分别为1741.0和1172.8 kg/hm2,分别是粮田氮肥用量的4.5和3.0倍;磷肥用量分别为1375.1和996.4 kg/hm2,分别是粮田磷肥用量的15.5倍和11.2倍;钾肥用量分别为791.3和602.4 kg/hm2,分别是粮田钾肥用量的21.1和16.1倍。另外,3种利用方式的农田氮、磷和钾肥施用比例不同,粮田为75.4%、17.3%和7.3%;果园为42.3%、36.0%和21.7%;而菜田为44.6%、35.2%和20.3%。3种种植类型中均存在氮肥投入过量、钾肥不足的问题。

Cropland, vegetable field and orchard in suburbs of Beijing were investigated through questionnaire method to understand the fertilization status of three typical farmlands of Beijing. The results showed that nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus fertilizer and potassium fertilizer levels of vegetable field and orchard were higher distinctly than cropland. Vegetable field and orchard nitrogen fertilizer rates were 1741.0 and 1172. 8 kg/hm^2 respectively, which were about 4. 5 and 3.0 times of cropland; the phosphorus fertilization rates were 1375.1 kg/hm^2 and 996. 4 kg/hm^2 respectively, which were about 15.5 and 11.2 times of cropland; the potassium fertilization rates of vegetable field and orchard were 791.3-602.4 kg/hm^2, respectively, which were about 21.1 and 16. 1 times of cropland. In addition, the proportions of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in total fertilizer of cropland, orchard and vegetable field were quite different. They were 75.4%, 17. 3% and 7.5% ; 42. 3%, 36. 0% and 21.7% ; 44. 6%, 35.2% and 20. 5%, respectively. To sum up, all farmland types were over-fertilized currently with regard to nitrogen and phosphorus, while potassium applied was insufficient.