新疆玛纳斯河流域景观格局变化及其生态效应

Landscape pattern change and its ecological effect in Manas River Basin of Xinjiang,China

根据1976、1989、2000和2005年遥感影像以及新疆玛纳斯河流域气象站的数据,利用GIS技术和景观结构分析软件FRAGSTATS,分析了1976—2005年新疆玛纳斯河流域的景观格局变化及其生态效应.结果表明:1976—2005年间,玛纳斯河流域景观变化主要表现为农田、草地、居民地面积的增加以及森林、湿地、沙漠、冰雪面积的缩减;从景观水平上看,研究区斑块个数、景观形状指数、蔓延度指数均有所增加,香农多样性指数减小;从类型水平上看,该区各景观组分的异质性指数及其变化过程均有较大差异,体现了研究区景观生态系统的复杂性;玛纳斯河流域景观格局变化的生态效应主要表现在湿地面积萎缩的负效应以及流域蒸发量减小和空气湿度增加的正效应.1976—2005年间,研究区湿地面积由415.7km2降至297.4km2,降幅达28%;蒸发量的年均降幅为0.91mm;空气相对湿度的年均增幅为0.037%.

Based on the 1976, 1989, 2000 and 2005 remote sensing images and related meteorological data, the landscape pattern change and its ecological effect in Manas River Basin of Xinjiang in 1976-2005 were analyzed with GIS and FRAGSTATES. In the study period, the landscape pattern change in the Basin mainly manifested in the increase of farmland, grassland, and residential area while the decrease of forestland, wetland, desert, and snow and ice coverage. At landscape level, the patch number, landscape shape index, and contagion index increased, while Shannon＇ s diversity index decreased; at class level, there was a greater difference in the heterogeneity index among different kinds of landscape, indicating a complexity of the landscape ecosystem. The landscape pattern change caused the negative ecological effect of wetland area shrinking, but some positive effects such as the decrease of evaporation and the increase of relative humidity. From 1976 to 2005, the wetland area decreased from 415.7 km^2 to 297.4 km^2, with a decrement of 28%, evaporation decreased by 0. 91 mm · a^-1, and relative humidity increased by 0. 037%· a^-1.