公平、正义的证成及实现路径

The Foundation and the Enforcement Path of Fairness and Justice

西方17—18世纪源于唯名论的经验主义、狭隘的唯物主义和唯科学主义给人类的道德、正义带来了致命的打击,它彻底否定了道德、正义在本体论上赖以生存的形而上学,将人类贬斥为与动物为伍的边缘。为了拯救区别于动物的道德、公平正义,首先是康德从非本体论的、形式主义的道德出发,论证了理想主义的道德;其次是现象学派的舍勒从情感主义为切入点,构建了道德的本体论,论证了价值的实在性、价值模式的多层次性、知识的多元性,并提供了"善"的判断标准;而哈贝马斯在康德的理想主义形式主义道德、舍勒的实在主义道德基础之上,一反"独语论"、"单主体性"的道德论证模式而采取"主体间性",实现了从"单主体"、"意识理性"、"先验道德理论"到"交互主体性"、"交往理性"的范式转变,为道德伦理正义、政治哲学的程序化转向提供了哲学上认识论以及世俗理性的重构基础,提出了现代道德、政治正义得以获致的程序模式和程序原则。

The experimentalism, the narrowed materialism and the scientism, deriving from classical Nominalism and then prevailing over the West in 17th-18th century, mortally destroyed the human morality and the infrastructure of justice by totally denying the Metaphysics where the ethic and the justice were to rely and exist, thus reducing the human being near to the animals. In order to maintain the ethic and the justice distinguishing the human being from the animals, Kant firstly demonstrated the Idealistic ethic by starting with the nonontological and the formalistic morality. Contrary to the path of Kant, Max Scheler, a leading thinker of the phenomenological school, constructed the ontology of ethics by the employment of the emotionalism, and demonstrated the existence of the value, the multilayered patterns of the value and the pluralistic knowledge in the world, and provided the criteria and the standard of the judgement of the good. Juergen Habermas, however, basing himself on the works of Kant and Scheler but shifting from the ＂soliloquist and soliloquizing＂ and ＂single-subjective＂ to the ＂intersubjective＂ and ＂communicative reason＂ theory which distinguishes itself from the rationalist tradition, provided a procedural pattern and process principle thereby modern ethics and political justice could be acquired for the shift of the philosophic epistemology of the ethics and the justice to procedure perspective.