论先秦时期人的个体价值与地位

Individual Value and Position during Pre-Qin Period

贬抑个体的文化潮流在先秦时期特别突出。殷商及之前,人作为一个群体从属于神,决定他们命运的,是神或祖先魂灵;西周,个体属于代天治民的天子,"周公制礼作乐"加强了对个体意识萌发的延阻;东周,礼的地位和作用稍降,但个体的价值和地位很少被肯定和提高:孔子提出"克己复礼",老子要求全面克制个人欲望;战国,孟子强调"寡欲"而"养心",荀子认为只有去除欲望才能维护正义,墨子践行"自苦为义",庄子、韩非皆力求禁欲。贬抑个体的文化潮流对这一时期的文艺创作、文艺风格与文艺批评特征都有重要影响。

The culture tide of depreciating individuality is obvious in Pre-Qin Dynasty period. Before Shang Dynasty, human is belonged to the gods; the god or the ancestors decide their destiny. In Western Zhou Dynasty period, the individuality belongs to the Son of Heaven. The individual mentality is hold back because Zhou Gong establishes regulations of Li and Yu. In Eastern Zhou Dynasty period, the effect of Li is not obvious, but the individual value and the position are seldom affirmed and enhanced. Confucius puts forward the view of holding back individuality. Lao Zi demands restraining individual desires. In Zhan Guo period, Mencius emphasizes that person should not has too much desires. Xun Zi, Mo Zi, Zhuang Zhou, and Han Fei thinks that we should maintain justice only by giving up desires; We should work hard; We should prohibit individual desire respectively. The culture tide of depreciating individuality effects gready on creating, style, and comment of literature.