“除名毁忆”与罗马元首制初期的政治文化——以公元20年的皮索案为例

Damnatio Memoriae and the Political Culture of the Early Principate:a Study of the Piso Case in 20 AD

"除名毁忆"是罗马史上的一道独特风景,其意为对一个人身后之名的制裁,与罗马传统的名誉文化息息相关。结合"除名毁忆"历史的梳理与贵族文化内涵的挖掘,通过新发现的元老院法令铭文,对公元20年的皮索案进行深入剖析,可一窥元首制初期的政治文化。对皮索的惩罚展现了一个人的身后之名在多大程度上取决于他的家庭的现实需要。贵族家庭在创造、维护和控制家庭成员在公共记忆中的主动角色方面得到了官方的充分认可,这也意味着他们未来仍能够在罗马的政治舞台上发挥影响力。被罪个人与家庭境遇的两重天其实是长久以来形成的一种贵族阶层自我保护机制的结果,家庭的主动"除名毁忆"构成了这一机制的核心。

Damnatio memoriae,or dishonoring someone by removing him from remembrance,is unique in Roman history and closely related to the culture of honor in Roman tradition.Using the newly discovered inscription,Senatus Consultum de Cn.Pisone Patre,this paper reviews the history of the practice and discusses the essence of Roman aristocratic culture.An analysis of the Piso case of 20 AD reveals the political culture of the early Principate.The punishment of Piso shows the extent to which posthumous memory was determined by practical family needs.Aristocratic families played an active role in creating,maintaining and controlling the public memory of their members,a role that was fully and officially recognized.That meant they could continue to wield influence in the Roman political arena.The huge difference between the fate of the accused and that of his family was actually the result of a long-standing self-protective mechanism on the part of the aristocratic stratum,one that centered on families' voluntarily initiating damnatio memoriae.