民族主义视角中的国家建构过程——以后殖民时代的阿拉伯国家为例

The State-Building Process from the Perspective of Nationalism——A Case Study of Postcolonial Arab Countries

国家建构方式是以特定的意识形态或政治哲学为行为根据的,不同的国家有着不同的国家建构理念,其中民族主义与国家建构的"亲缘"最为密切,尤其是在包括阿拉伯国家在内的第三世界国家中,民族主义往往是"塑造"政治发展框架的关键性力量。文章认为,后殖民时代阿拉伯国家的民族主义在国家建构上主要表达了强烈的民粹主义、激进的"去制度化"行动、直接民主与"克里斯马"型统治的诉求倾向,以及因这些诉求难以长久为继而导向威权政治模式,这既是民族主义自身进化的逻辑结果,也是阿拉伯国家社会发展的内在要求。随着历史的不断发展,阿拉伯国家的国家建构走向集权政治抑或民主政体,取决于未来的民族主义与何种意识形态结合,而唯有走公民民族主义(实际是公民国家主义)道路,才能保证国家政治进程不致偏离正轨。

The way of state - building is based on particular ideology and political philosophy, which means different country has different concepts of state - building. Among these concepts, nationalism is most closely related to state - building and plays an important part in the shaping of political framework especially in the third world including Arab countries. The article holds that nationalism in the postcolonial Arab countries demands in state -building strong populism, radical deinstitutionalization, direct democracy and charismatic leadership, but finally is converted to authoritarian because of the unsustainability of these demands, which is both the logic result of self evolvement of nationalism and the inner request of social development of Arab countries. As time goes by, whether Arab countries tends to accept totalitarian or democracy in state - building depends on the combination of nationalism with certain ideology in the future, among them, only can civic nationalism （civic statism indeed） keep the political process in the right direction.