分散的权力:从MOX Plant案析国际法庭管辖权之冲突

Scattered Powers:Conflicts between International—Tribunals in the MOX Plant Case

伴随数十年来国际法的繁荣与多样化,国际司法机构日益扩散。它们效力于不同的法律体系,其司法权力分散并相互割离,目前对国际司法机构之间的合作与冲突尚无一般国际法规则,它们的分散权力加剧了国际法的碎片化,协调国际司法管辖权的冲突成为解决国际法碎片化问题的重要课题之一。MOXPlant案呈现了国际司法机构的多样化所带来平行管辖权之间的冲突对国际法的影响。此案显示在条约中设置协调管辖冲突的条款无疑能够减轻它的碎片化;同时改变国际法庭的自足性亦是缓解管辖冲突的有效途径;尊重其它国际法庭的管辖权可以解决特定的管辖冲突。尽管如此,各国际司法机构之间的平行管辖权与其建立的零散无序决定了国际司法权力的不成体系短期内将难以根本解决,而创设一个国际冲突法庭成为有效解决国际司法权力冲突的一个较为理想的长期方案。

There exists no homogeneous system of international law because it consists of erratic blocks and elements,different partial systems,and universal,regional,or even bilateral subsystems and subsub systems of different levels of legal integration.The system of international law has become increasingly fragmented,particularly since it has developed in recent decades.Such an 'unorganized system' is full of intra-systematic tensions,contradictions and frictions.The MOX Plant case demonstrates the conflicts between international tribunals which are resulted from proliferation of international courts and tribunals.The harmo nization of jurisdictions of different international tribunals is tough and critical for integrating fragmentation of international law.