关于《史记》与《春秋》关系问题的几点思考

The Reflection on the Relationships between Records of History and Chunqiu Annals

传统观点认为:《史记》继承了《春秋》"贬天子,退诸侯,讨大夫"之精神,司马迁是以孔子第二自居的,故《史记》是第二部《春秋》。这种观点的偏差在于:既没有考虑到春秋与西汉两个时代社会政治形势的巨大差异,也没有顾及到司马迁与孔子千差万别的个人经历。孔子对春秋"乱世"无能为力而作《春秋》,"垂空文以断礼义,当一王之法",通过"贬天子,退诸侯,讨大夫"来达到"祖述尧舜,宪章文武"之目的,其着眼点在来世;而司马谈发凡起例的《史记》之创作目的一为"宣汉",二为整合学术,为西汉统治者"献治安策",以适应西汉大一统的政治需要,其着眼点在当世。

It＇s traditionally believed that Records of History inherits the spirits of ＂degrading the emperor, weakening the dukes and suppressing the senior officials＂ and Sima Qian posed himself as the second Confucius, so Records of History can be called the second Chunqiu Annals. The weakness of the views lies in that it fails to take into consideration both the great differences in the social background and political situations between Spring and Autumn Period and the Western Han and the different personal experiences between. Sima Qian and Confucius. Confucius wrote Chunqiu Annals for his helplessness of troubled times in his period, which aimed at inheriting the customs of Yao and Shun and imitating the institutions of Emperor Wen and Wu in the Zhou Dynasty and emphasized the after- life, while Records of History aimed at sorting learning and flourishing the Han Dynasty and emphasized the present.