在学院派之外:美国乡土建筑研究百年,1890—1990

Outside the Academy:A Centery of Vernacular Architecture Studies,1890-1990 Dell Upton,University of California,Berkeley,U.S.A.

本文回顾1890年至1990年之间美国乡土建筑研究的百年历史。作者指出,以艾沙姆为代表的早期美国乡土建筑研究者,表现出对异域风格、原始风格和民族风格的偏爱,和对建筑技术和实地调研的强调;以金博尔为代表的后期美国乡土建筑研究者,则用文化分析和整体论的方法,将乡土建筑视为社会传统和集体思维的体现,并由此发展出三种研究模式——1930年代的历史地理学模式、1940年代的"普通建筑"模式和1960年代的人类学与心灵主义模式。文章的结论是,随着研究观点与方法的日趋综合,乡土建筑和学院派建筑的界限将会消失,取而代之的是一种更广泛和更真实的建筑史。

The thesis retraces the history of American vernacular architecture studies from 1890 to 1990. The author indicates that 1） the early scholars of American vernacular architecture, such as Norman Morrison Isham,were fascinated with the exotic,the primitive and the native, and they paid much attention on construction techniques and field investigation; 2） the later scholars such as Fiske Kimball, adopting the ways of cultural analysis and en masse, regarded vernacular architecture as a representation of social tradition and collective mind, from which arose 3 paradigms： the historic-geographic method of 1930s, the ‘ordinary buildings＇ method of 1940s and the anthropoligical and mentalist method of 1960s. The conclusion is that the line between vernacular and academic architecture will be erased and they will be replaced by a larger and more genuine architectural history, since the pluralistic value and methods are being accepted.