冷与热,干与湿:彼得·卒姆托作品中“材料的环围属性”

The Hot and the Cold,the Dry and the Wet:"Atmospheric Qualities of Materials" in the Work of Peter Zumthor

当代建筑理论和实践中,与材料相关的问题一直吸引着人们广泛的关注。设计师们推出了各式创新的、新兴的、智能的、生态的和高性能的材料。当前的许多材料研究着重于"人工的"或是"自然的","美学的"或是"技术的","表面的"或是"结构的"。而所有这些分类都认为材料具有某些固有的和不变的属性,它们会告知我们如何"正确地"去使用材料,但却与项目的具体情况无关。与此相对照的另一做法在当代建筑中也很普遍,设计师们更喜欢把自己的形式创造强加于建筑,而不管所用材料的属性。在这样的建筑师的个人想像主导或是材料固有属性主导的设计取向之间,还有一些建筑师,他们寻求的是一种避免了形式——材料二元对立的设计方法。瑞士建筑师彼得·卒姆托的建筑作品便是这种观点最好的例证。这些作品的关注点从物质本身转移到物质之间的相互关系,从自治转移到交互,从而避免了形式和物质之间非此即比的选择。

Questions concerning materials attract considerable attention in contemporary architectural theory and practice. Designers variously introduce innovative, emerging, smart, ecological, or high-performance materials. Ongoing investigations alternatively emphasize the ＇artificial＇ or the ＇natural＇ , ＇aesthetic＇ or ＇technical＇ , ＇surface-related＇ or ＇structural＇ attributes of the materials. Common to such categorizations is the assumption that materials possess certain intrinsic and unchanging properties that inform their ＂correct＇ use, regardless of the circumstances of a project. On the other hand, a contrary approach also prevails in contemporary architecture, which takes little notice of material qualities in favor of the ＇form＇ that is imposed by the designer. Between the options of informing design with either the material＂ s nature or the architect＇ s mind stand several architects who pursue alternative approaches avoiding the form-matter polarity. The work of the contemporary architect Peter Zumthor exemplifies such an attitude. Shifting the concern from things in themselves to the interactions between things, from autonomy to reciprocity, Zumthor avoids the form-or-maKer alternative.