2Schreyer HH,Uggowitzer MM,Ruppert Kohlmayr A.Helical CT of the urinary organs[J].Eur Radiol,2002,12:575-591.
3卢延,中华放射学杂志,1996年,30卷,732页
4周康荣.腹部CT[M].上海:上海医科大学出版社,1994.233-245.
5吴阶平 裘法祖主编.黄家驷外科学[M].北京:人民出版社,1994.26-27.
6Keeley FX, JR, Bibbo M, et al. Ureteroscopic treatment and surveillance of upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma. J Urol,1997, 157:1560-1565.
7Tawfiek ER, Bagley DH. Upper-tract transitional cell carcinoma. Urology,1997,50:321-329.
8Hall MC, Womack JS, Roehrborn CG, et al. Advanced transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract: patterns of failure, suivival and impact of postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy. J Urol, 1998,160:703-706.
9Huben RP, Mounzer AM, Murphy GP. Tumor grade and stage as prognostic variables in upper tract urothelial tumors. Cancer, 1988, 62:2016-2020.
10Mills IM, Laniado ME, Patel A. The role of endoscopy in the management of patients with upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma . BJU Int, 2001, 87:150-162.