摘要
OVER the course of almost a millennium,Beijing served as the capital of four dynasties:the Jin(ruled by the Jurchens,1115-1234),Yuan(the Mongol empire,1271-1368),Ming(ruled by the Han Chinese,1368-16.44)and Qing(Manchu rule,1644-1911).On any map of dynastic Beijing,one finds a blue line of water defining the city's outline-the square"Central Capital"of the Jin,the rectangular"Big Capital"of the Yuan and the T-shaped"Northern Capital"(Bei Jing)of the Ming and Qing dynasties.
