美国联邦法院违宪审查的宪法限制——以《联邦宪法》第3条为视角

Constitutional Restraints on the System of Constitutional Review of the US Federal Court——From the Perspective of Article Three of the US Federal Constitution

在"三权分立"的原理和制度架构下,为保证在违宪审查过程中不超越自身权限,同时减少法院和国会之间的冲突,美国联邦最高法院依据《联邦宪法》第3条,确立了诸多限制联邦法院违宪审查的具体原则,包括当事人适格、诉的成熟性、已逾可诉的程度、禁止咨询性意见和不审查政治问题。符合这些原则的案件中的宪法问题才可能被联邦最高法院裁判。

Under the principle and framework of the Separation of Powers （executive, legislative and judicial）, and in order to ensure that there are limits of authority in the process of constitutional review and at the same time to minimize the conflicts between the Court of Justice and the Congress, the Supreme Court of the United States formulates a good many concrete principles concerning the restraints on the constitutional review of the US Federal Court in light of the 3rd article of the US Federal Constitution. These principles include qualifications for the proper party, ripeness of lawsuit, exceeding actionable degree, advisory opinion ban, and non-inspection of political question. The constitutional issues in cases which correspond to these principles may be likely to be judged by the Supreme Court of the United States.