试论印度绿色革命

India's Green Revolution

为了摆脱周期性的饥荒困扰,从上世纪60年代中期开始,印度政府推行了一套以增加小麦、水稻等粮食产量为宗旨,其他与粮食生产无关的因素几乎被忽略的农业政策。政策推行之初,起到了立杆见影的作用,国家基本实现了粮食自给自足的目的,被国际社会称之为"绿色革命"。但是,40多年后,国家视角过度单一的弊端逐渐凸显了出来,不仅农业生态遭到严重破坏,而且印度政府最初追求的粮食产量亦出现了萎缩。印度政府和农业政策专家提出了技术更新、回归传统和制度变革等多种解决方案。旁遮普邦的几家农业贸易公司的实践为困境突围提供了一种可供选择的模式,即通过市场手段将小农组织起来,以市场需求代替国家视角,推动农业生产模式的转变与升级。这种转变为人口大国解决农业问题也提供了某种启示。

Since 1960＇s, Indian Government has implemented series of policies on the purpose of increasing the output of foodstuff, particularly wheat and rice, in order to get rid of the menace of seasonal famine. The internationally so-called ＂Green Revolution＂ produced instant result and got enough food to feed Indians in the first tens of years. However, 40 years later, the single-visual defects e- merged, showing that not only the agricultural ecosystem has been destroyed severely, but also the foodstuff output began to decrease. To revive Green Revolution, Indian government and agriculture experts have put forward a few solutions： 1 ） encourage technological in- novation; 2） reevaluate traditional agricultural methods; 3） reforming land system. Some agricultural companies in Panjab provided an alternative： organize smanholders under the market economy, substitute government orders with market demand, and upgrade mode of production. Such practice provides enlightenments for the countries with large population to resolve the agriculture problem.