公共危机善后期中的国家赔偿问题

The State Compensation in Follow-up Period of Public Crisis

公共危机管理中,危机善后管理与其它阶段同样重要。在政府应对危机过程中,因其过错或违法行为而造成社会或公众损失,应开展国家赔偿。这应是危机善后中的重要环节。但在此方面,目前我国危机应对中的国家赔偿制度尚待完善。从国际经验看,对危机应对中政府违法、过错导致损失进行赔偿包括三方面内容。一是国家赔偿责任的豁免与限制,二是国家所应当承担的赔偿责任,三是国家赔偿责任范围的扩展及国家赔偿理论的发展。借鉴国际经验和我国实际,我国的危机应对中的国家赔偿责任应主要涵盖以下四方面内容。一是违法行使或滥用行政紧急权力的赔偿责任;二是未履行法定职责的赔偿责任;三是危机处置中的事实行为因过错而致害的国家赔偿责任;其四是公有公共设施或技术性设施导致损害而引起的国家赔偿。

In public crisis management, post-crisis management is as important as the management in other stages. In the process of government＇ s response to crisis, state compensation should be carried out if there is loss of society or the public caused by the fault or violation of government. This should be an important step in post-crisis management. However, the state compensation system in dealing with the public crisis has to be improved in China. According to international practice, state compensation for the government＇ s fault or violation consists of three aspects： the exemption and limitations of state liability, the compensation liability that the state should bear, and the expansion of the scope of state liability and the development of the state compensation theory. Considering both the international and Chinese practice, state compensation liability in response to the crisis should cover the following four aspects： state compensation for abusing or executing illegally emergency power, for not performing its statutory duty, for the loss caused by the government fault in dealing with crisis, and for the loss or damage caused by public or technical facilities.