由钢铁混凝土岸线带来的思考:海洋工程环境影响后评价

A lesson from steel concrete coastline: the post project analysis of marine environmental impact

近几年来,开发利用海洋资源已经成为我国国民经济的新增长点,随之而来的便是众多大型工程项目纷纷选址并落户于海岸带。众多工程项目落户于海边,主要是基于海岸带丰富的资源因素:便利的港口、方便的物流、良好的经济环境和较易排污等。然而,海洋工程的建设和运行,往往伴随着围(填)海、温排水、动植物量衰减和岸线人工化等问题。虽然海洋占地球表面的71%,从理论上来说,海洋的环境承载能力是无限的,但是通常情况下,与人类生产生活接触较为密切海域面积极为有限,主要是近岸浅水区和河口地区,其环境承载能力非常有限,受人类活动影响极大,围(填)海造陆、航道疏浚、城市和工农业发展产生的废弃物,使海岸带正经历着巨大的环境变化,引起近海海洋环境质量恶化。就目前国内的实际情况而言,海洋工程造成的实际海洋环境影响往往会突破工程动工前实施的海洋环境影响评价预测值(主要为其带来的海洋环境负面影响),造成了海洋工程正式运营期间所产生的海洋环境影响缺乏评估与监管,因此,必须引入海洋工程海洋环境影响后评价。目前,海洋环境影响后评价机制在我国尚属空白,而海洋环境影响后评价制度在国外海洋管理中已发展得较为成熟,政府规定凡是重大、典型的海洋工程一律需参加海洋环境影响后评价。海洋工程海洋环境影响后评价是在海洋工程正式运营一段时间后,通过对工程周边海域的环境质量现状展开实地调查,与工程前期实施的海洋环境影响的相关报告书中的相关预测值进行对比分析,一方面复核工程前的环境影响预测值的正确性,前期评价单位采用的预测方法和参数的合理性,一方面通过海洋环境影响后评价发现前期环境影响评价中预测有误之处或者未能预测到的实际问题,对相关企业提出整改意见,并从中吸取经验和教训,为今后类似的海洋工程的立项和建设提供一定借鉴。施行海洋工程海洋环境影响后评价工作不仅与国家提出的海洋经济可持续发展目标和建设节约型社会的要求相一致,而且2006年11月1日施行的《防治海洋工程建设项目污染损害海洋环境管理条例》也明确提出海洋工程环境影响后评价。

Along with the rapid development of marine economy, the proportion of marine economy in GDP is increasing and China is gradually changing from a big marine country into a strong marine power. In recent years, the development and utilization of marine resources has become a new growth point of the national economy of the country. As a result, a large number of large-scale marine projects settled down in the coastal zones due to the rich resources there, such as convenient ports and logistics, good economic environments and pollution discharge and so on. However, the construction and operation marine engineering projects are always accompanied by reclamation, lukewarm water emission, animal and plant quantity attenuation and coastline artificialization. Although the sea makes up 71% of the earth＇s surface and theoretically, the environment supporting capacity of the sea is infinite, the shallow waters and estuarine areas that have close relation with human production and living are very limited both in area and environmental supporting capacity. Because of the human activities such as polder, channel dredging and marine disposal of wastes from cities and industrial and agricultural development, the coastal zones are experiencing an enormous environmental change, which resulted in the deterioration of the environment quality. According to the report on the marine environmental quality in the past few years in China, most of the growth of the marine economy was achieved at the coast of the environment and the deterioration of the environment quality has become a bottleneck for further sustainable development of the marine economy, which resulted in the intention of contradiction among society, economy and environment. With regard to the current situation in China, negative impacts caused by marine engineering on the marine environment in practical often exceed the prediction of marine environmental impact assessment before the construction. Thus it is necessary to introduce post-project assessment of marine environmental impact, which is non existent in China at present while it is quite matured in foreign countries. The government makes it that any major marine project should make post-project analysis of marine environmental impact and this is done by on-the-spot investigation of the environment around the project site after the operation of the project for some time to be compared with the prediction of pre-project assessment to verify the correctness of the prediction and the rationality of the methods and parameters used for the assessment and to find out the errors and unpredicted problems. And thus some solutions can be suggested for the owner of the project. The Post-project assessment can improve the decision-making, implementation and management level of marine engineering project and provide scientific basis for rational use of resources, improvement of management and formulation of relevant policies. The post project analysis for marine environmental impact can be regarded as an extension of marine environmental impact assessment. Correlation of the two guarantee the full supervision of the environment, which has great significance on the rational use of coastal zone resources, protection of coastal zone environment, ease of contradiction among resources, environment, society and economy, and sustainable development of marine economy. It is in line with not only the requirement of the state to achieve sustainable development of marine economy and build resource-saving society, but also the Regulations Regarding Prevention of Pollution and Damage of Marine Environment by Marine Engineering Construction implemented on November 1st, 2006.