例示规定的法理与创制

The Legal Principle and Formulation of Exemplary Provisions

在制定法中,例示规定包括以"其他"与"等"为标识的两类法条形式。"其他"的常见样式是:两个以上典型事例+和(与、以及、及、或者、或)+其他+上位概念;"等"的常见样式是:两个以上典型事例+等+上位概念。从类型的角度看,例示规定的特征是:抽象程度上的具体与概括的统一,事项归属上的明确与模糊的统一,调整范围上的封闭与开放的统一,时间延续上的稳定与变动的统一。例示规定的创制,应功能定位准确、立法技术运用得当。例示规定的实施性立法,也要符合一定的标准和要求。

In statutory law,exemplary provisions include two forms of legal clause marked by the terms 'qita'(其他,other) and 'deng'(等,etc.) respectively.Clauses with 'qita' usually take the following form:two or more typical cases + 'and'('or') + 'qita' + superordinate concepts.Those with 'deng' take the following form:two or more typical cases + 'deng' + superordinate concepts.From the point of view of typology,an exemplary provision has these characteristics:in terms of abstraction,unity of the particular and the general;in terms of classification of items,unity of clarity and ambiguity;in terms of adjustment scope,unity of closedness and openness;and in terms of time duration,unity of stability and change.The formulation of exemplary provisions requires precise definition of functions and appropriate use of legislative techniques.Legislation for implementing exemplary provisions should also observe specific criteria and requirements.