清代“走西口”的路线及成因

ROUTE OF "MOVEMENT OF GOING WEST" IN THE QING DYNASTY AND ITS CAUSE OF FORMATION

"走西口"是清代长城以南的山西、陕西省北部民人到内蒙古中西部地区谋生的社会潮流。其根本原因在于山西、陕西沟壑纵横、土地贫瘠、高寒少雨,能承载的人口有限。康乾以来,由于人口急增、土地兼并激烈,从而引发严重的人地矛盾;而自然灾害的频发,更加剧了人地矛盾的尖锐化。清廷出于平定边疆叛乱、缓和阶级矛盾、解决财政危机等诸多政治需要,实行放垦及移民实边等政策,使走西口成为可能,并成为潮流。

＂Movement of Going West＂ was a social trend in the Qing Dynasty when people in Shanxi and North Shaanxi to the south of the Great Wall went to the mid and western part of Inner Monoglia to make a living. The basic reason for this lay in the fact that the poor land as well as the dry and cold climate could support only a limited population. Since the reign of Kangxi and Qianlong, the sharp population rise and fierce land annexation resulted in serious conflict between man and land. In addition, the frequent natural disasters even sharpened the conflict. In order to pacify the rebellion along the border, relax class contradictions and settle financial crises, the Qing government issued policies of cultivating farmland and immigration, which made it possible for people to go west.