论私法权利结构的条件

On Conditions of Right Structure in Private Law

权利结构的存在远非我们想像的那么自然和普遍。中国古代的地权秩序强烈地提示我们有另一种以权力结构为基础的法律形式的存在,这种形式在本质上是排斥权利的。罗马法的权利结构来自于罗马公民的一项强烈意愿:肯定自己的自由,以区别于奴隶。罗马法的基本观念是通过明确施加的限制而证明或实现自由,由此形成了私法特有的权利结构。私法意义上的财产权取决于这样一种决断:把人们的生存与幸福设为法律的目的。虽然财产观念具有某种跨文化的特征,但是,私法秩序的产生却有赖于以宗教信仰为基础、以权利结构为核心、以诉权为存在形式的"法律设施"。这一切,在中国传统中付之阙如。

The right structure of Roman law originated from a strong will of Roman citizens:affirmation of their freedom to distinguish themselves from slaves.The basic idea of Roman law was to prove or realize freedom by limitations clearly imposed and hence the special right structure of private law was formed.Property right in private law was determined by such a judgment:survival and happiness of citizens was set as the purpose of law.Though the idea of property possessed some cross-cultural characteristics the birth of private law order relied on'legal facility'with religious belief as its basis, right structure as its core and right of action as its existing form.All these lacked in Chinese traditions.