宋明时代徽州的程灵洗崇拜

The worship of Cheng Ling-xi in Huizhou from the Song to the Ming Dynasty

作为一名载入南朝正史的豪强人物,程灵洗在南宋以降的徽州社会一直是颇具影响力的神祇。当地对程灵洗的崇拜,从宋到元经历了形式上的变化。从南宋最初的露天社祭到世忠庙的营建,从元代程元谭-程灵洗世系关联的建立到元末各地世忠行祠的兴建,崇拜形式变化的过程也是地方神祇正统化的过程,其中地方士大夫是主导力量。随着程灵洗在明初洪武礼制中祀典地位的确立,以及明代中叶徽州商人力量的勃兴,在地方社会组建宗族的潮流之下,程灵洗崇拜不仅逐渐呈现由商人主导的态势,同时也具有了明显的宗族化的倾向。原先各地流行的世忠行祠最终演变成了各地的程氏宗祠,徽州早期的豪强人物程灵洗由此逐渐进入各个支派的程氏谱牒,成为了他们共同的祖先。

As a warlord recorded in official annals in the sixth century Cheng Ling-xi was worshiped posthumously in a simple pattern in Huangdun village of Huizhou where he was born. Until the middle age of the Southern Song Dynasty the worshiping became official and solemn with the building of Shizhong （Eternal Loyalty） Temple sponsored by the new rising local literati. This custom spread in the Yuan times accompanied with the growth of literati groups. Shizhong Xingci （sub-temples） were built in many areas in Huizhou and a new god Cheng Yuan-tan emerged in the temples as a cultural symbol to imply the ancestors of Cheng Ling-xi coming from the more ＂civilized＂ North China. The mid-Ming times witnessed the revival of worship- ing Cheng Ling-xi because of the sprouting of commerce in Huizhou and the merchants were pivot roles. Now that constructing conglomerated lineage was a part of the commercial trend the merchants who had the surname of Cheng commenced to alter Shizhong Xingci to be Cheng＇ s ancestral halls and Cheng Ling-xi became hereby their common glorious ancestor.