论六朝骈文中的“马蹄韵”

Research on the Hoof-shaped Rhyme of Pian Wen in Six Dynasties

骈文不属于韵文,"马蹄韵"虽以"韵"相称,却并不是用于韵而是用于平仄的一种声律规则。因为骈文的篇幅远远长于对联,句中每个字的平仄不可能都要有规律可循,所以六朝骈文中的马蹄韵只包含句脚规则,并不包括句中规则,即对句中每个字的平仄安排。尽管魏晋时期的文人已开始追求声韵美,但他们并没有在骈文创作中尝试使用马蹄韵。刘宋时期,范晔、谢庄通习音乐,精于声律,尤其是范晔骈文中对句句脚平仄相对的例子已经很多,但在对句句脚使用马蹄韵的地方,只有零星几处,很可能只是无意的巧合。永明文人在骈文创作中仍未自觉地使用马蹄韵,即使是那些篇幅较短的文章也未能全篇音调马蹄。在梁代前期,已出现通篇或接近通篇在句脚音调马蹄的骈文,但只是极少数,且集中于体制短小、形式精美的谢物小启。到了徐陵、庾信,多种文体已出现通篇或接近通篇在句脚使用马蹄韵的骈文。徐、庾二人的骈文多能遵守马蹄韵,但并不拘泥,视文意之需要而常稍作变通。至于一联之中的平仄相间,联与联之间的平仄相对,则相对不如马蹄韵那样严格。

Plan Wen don＇ t belong to verse. Although Hoof - shaped rhyme is named after rhyme, it is one king of systematic rule which is not used for rhyme but for level and oblique. Hoof-shaped rhyme consists of two pacts ： the level and oblique of the feet and that of the middle of the sentence. Plan Wen is far longer than Chinese antithetical couplets, so the Hoof-shaped rhyme only follow the level and oblique of the feet in Plan Wen during Six dynasties. Hoof-shaped rhyme is a systematic rule governing rhythm of words in composing Plan Wen which originates in Southern dynasties. Its basic characteristics is level to level and oblique to oblique. Before YU Xin and XU Ling, there are only a few Plan Wen which use Hoof-shaped rhyme and eoncentre on Xiewu Qiwen possessing delicate form and smallish style . Most of YU Xin and XU Ling＇ s Plan Wen abide by Hoof-shaped rhyme, but not starched.