马克思论东方社会的土地公有制

Marx' View on the Public Ownership of Land in the Eastern Society

西方学者对东西方社会进行比较研究时,普遍所采用的一个极其重要的视角是土地所有制的比较,认为二者的一个根本差别是东方社会实行土地公有制而西方社会是私有制。马克思也得出"不存在土地私有制,是了解东方的钥匙"的判断,并从土地公有这一角度对东方社会进行了深刻剖析。通过进一步研究,马克思晚年对东方社会的土地制度有了新的看法:东方土地的私有形式已开始出现;东方土地制度存在二重性;人类早期普遍经历了土地公有制,晚年在对俄国民粹派公有制思想进行批判的基础上,开始把东方的土地公有制看作是过渡到社会主义的基点。

The western scholars hold the general view that the fundamental difference between eastern society and western society is that the eastern society implements the public ownership of land while the western society implements private ownership. Marx concluded that no existence of private ownership of land was the key to understanding to the eastern society and made further analysis of the eastern society from the perspective of public ownership of land. But Marx in his old age had the new view of the land system, thinking that the private form of eastern land started to appear and discovered that the east land system had duality and that human commonly experienced the public ownership of land in the early times. On the basis of criticizing Russian populists＇ thought about the public ownership in his old age, be started to consider the public ownership of eastern land as the basic point of transition to the socialism.