国际森林生态补偿制度创新的比较与借鉴

Comparison and Reference to International Forest Ecological Compensation System Innovation

系统地介绍和比较了美国、德国和日本在森林生态补偿方面的制度创新活动,并积极借鉴国际经验,针对中国森林生态补偿制度存在补偿责任承担公平性不足、补偿主体过于单一、补偿标准偏低、补偿对象范围不够宽泛、补偿资金溃乏等问题提出解决方案。建议中国政府:重新设计补偿制度,以受益者承担原则打破公共责任原则,确保补偿责任公平分担;以政府补偿为主,以市场补偿为辅,改变补偿主体单一现状;在明确林权的同时,考虑增加对其他国有公益林乃至私有林的补偿;采取成本补偿与机会成本补偿相结合原则,提高补偿标准并实施有差别补偿;通过开征生态税、设立风险准备金、实施碳汇交易和开通生态交易服务市场等,以获得稳定的补偿资金来源。

This paper gives a systematic introduction and comparison to the system innovation activities on forest ecological compensation of USA,Germany and Japan. Then it deals with such problems existing in the forest ecological compensation system of China as following：unfair compensation for lack of responsibility, too single compensation subject, too low compensation standard,too narrow compensation scope, lack of compensation funds. It is recommended that the Chinese Government should draw international experiences actively. It is suggested： （1）to redesign the compensation system to achieve an equitable sharing of liabilities by inducing the principle of beneficiaries and breaking the principle of public responsibility; （2）to change the status of a single compensation subject by making the Government compensation as the main and making the market compensation as the supplement;（3） at the same time of making forest right clear,to consider increasing the number of other state-owned forests as well as private forest into compensation copes;（4） to have the combination of principle both financial cost compensation and opportunity cost compensation, raise compensation standards and implement differential compensation;（5） to obtain stable compensation funding, induce eco-taxes, set up a risk reserve fund, implement carbon sinks, or open ecotrading service market.