走出二元对立的思维困境——阿克曼对美国宪法变革机制的检讨

Beyond the Paradox of Dualism Thinking:the Reflection of Ackerman on Evolution Mechanism in the Constitution of the US

阿克曼在区分宪法政治和常态政治的前提下,通过分析美国宪法史上的重要事件,根据二元民主的宪法理论指出:美国宪法政治时期的宪法变革经历了发出宪法改革的信号、提出宪法改革方案、决定宪法改革命运的程序、宪法改革方案的批准和宪法改革成果的巩固五个阶段。阿克曼关于宪法变革的历史学与社会学观点,不仅消解了法律形式主义和法律现实主义的对立,他还进一步以此为基础提出了"人民主权动议"和"活宪法"的宪法修正理论。阿克曼的宪法变革理论虽具现实性,但却有着不确定性的缺陷。因此,阿克曼所要解决的,恰恰是理性与经验之对立所造成的不确定性这一法律理论的永恒主题。

Under the premise of differentiating constitutional politics and normal politics, and analyzing the crucial incidents in the history of US constitution, and utilizing the dualist democratic constitutional theory, Ackerman divided the transformation of constitution in the constitutional politics of the US into five stages, namely sending the sings of revolution, presenting the plans for revolution, deciding the procedure of revolution, the approval of plans for revolution, and the solidification of revolution. His historical and sociological views on evolution of constitution diminished the contradiction between formalism and realism in law, and proposed the theory of ＂ popular sovereignty motion＂ and ＂ living constitution＂ in amending constitution Ackerman＇ s view is realistic but has the deficits of uncertainty. What Ackerman should solve is the eternal theme of uncertainty aroused by the contradiction of ration and experience.